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Умение устанавливать иерархию признаков объекта высказывания
ЛР данного типа состоит из ряда иерархически соподчиненных подтипов, направленных на развитие сложного умения определять логическую структуру воспринимаемого на слух текста. Способность определять важность отдельных характеристик относительно остальных опирается на умение выявлять все существенные характеристики каждой части текста. Поэтому данный тип ЛР непосредственно вытекает из предыдущего.
Все три подтипа, включенные в ЛР 12, могут выполняться во внеаудиторных условиях в связи с тем, что ход их выполнения не требует непосредственного контроля со стороны преподавателя, а также потому, что для формирования данного умения не обязательно немедленно включать результаты рецептивной деятельности в репродуктивную.
Структура ЛР:
Подтип I.
1) Прослушивание текста и выписывание всех существенных характеристик объекта высказывания.
2) Чтение плана с пропущенными пунктами; множественный выбор формулировки каждого из пропущенных пунктов.
3) Вторичное прослушивание текста и определение в нем места каждого из добавочных пунктов. Вписывание добавлений в предложенный план.
Подтип II.
1) Прослушивание текста; прочтение прилагаемого к нему простого плана и коррекция последовательности пунктов.
2) Вторичное прослушивание текста. Прочтение сложного плана. Поиск заголовков, не отражающих основного содержания данной части, и выбор из подзаголовков тех, которые должны играть роль заголовков.
Подтип III.
1) Прочтение пунктов плана, данных вразбивку. Прослушивание текста и переписывание пунктов плана в нужном порядке.
2) Повторное прослушивание текста и составление сложного плана из предложенных пунктов.
ЛР данного типа является внеаудиторной, аудиовизуальной, письменной.
Labwork 12: Determining the hierarchy of quaities that characterize the main object of the utterance
Subtype I
Part 1. Rationae and Directions:
Today you will earn to anayse the ogica structure of a monoogue. It is an important ski, because it heps you to keep track of what you are istening to and to anticipate what may come next. Besides, it is much easier to remember we-organized materia.
The ogica structure of an utterance is a kind of pan that you buid in your mind whie istening to it. As you go on istening, the pan may change, and what seemed to be most important becomes a small detai, and what first appeared as a detai, may come to the forefront. That is why today you will earn to make a detaied pan of the texts you are going to isten to.
To begin with, isten to a text and write out a lits important detais. The text is a short story, so the detais will be narrative. An important narrative detai shoud be necessary for summing up what happens in the story. It can be presented as a word or a word combination (e.g., a gerund phrase, describing an event or an action). You can aso mention where or when or how the event happened. E.g., the first detai of the text to come names the game that the chidren were paying. Write it down like this: "Paying hide-and-seek outside the post office."
Now isten to the text and write out, in a simiar manner, what the chidren did and what happened.
Tapescript
One afternoon my neighbours' chidren were paying hide-and-seek just outside the post office. litte Peter, who is ony five years od, found the perfect pace to hide. His sister Jane had shut her eyes and was counting up to ten, when Peter noticed that the small metall door of the etterbox had been eft open. The postman had just taken all the etters out and had gone into the post office to see if there were any parces. Peter got into the etterbox and pued the door from the inside so hard that it ocked. Soon reaizing what he had done, he became very frightened and started crying. Meanwhie Jane was ooking for him but coud not find him. It was ucky that she stopped outside the etterbox quite by chance and heard her brother's cries. She immediatey ran to te the postman, who hurried out to unockthe meta door. Peter got out of the box, but he had had such a bad fright that he coudn't stop crying. The postman, however, soon found away of making him augh again. Hell tod him that next time he wanted to hide in a etterbox, he shoud remember to stick a stamp on himsef!
Part 2. Directions:
Check up what you have written out. Use the sampe key. If you have eft ou some important detais, add them to your list.
Now, compare your verified list with the pan offered in your handout. There must be at east two other points mentioned in the pan. Use the mutipe choice items to seect these two points. Tick the right choice in each group.
Pan:
1. Paying hide-and-seek.
2. A perfect pace to hide.
3. The reason for the opening of the etterbox.
4. The accident.
5. The postman's hep.
Suppement to the Pan:
Mutipe Choice "A":
1. The parents' anxiety.
2. The gir's search for her brother.
3. The arriva of the poice.
Mutipe Choice "B ":
1. The postman's joke.
2. The postman's anger.
3. The punishment of the boy.
Part 3. Directions:
Now isten to the same text again and find the right pace for the two additiona points you have seected. Do the fina editing of the pan.
Subtype II
Part 1. Rationae and Directions:
This time, the purpose of the abwork is very much simiar to that of abwork 11 — you are to understand the ogica structure of a text. Last time your task was to singe out the main points of the text. This time you will have to determine how pieces of information are reated to each other. Proper sequencing is necessary to make the information effective. First, you will dea with a simpe pan, some items of which are not propery sequenced.
Arrange the items in the right order and number them.
Airpanes (Tapescript)
Man's natura home is the and, but many thousands of years ago he earned how to trave on the sea — in fact, boats are Oder than anything buit for and transport.
Trave on the sea was not a very difficut probem, since wood, which can be found in many paces near the sea, foats easiy on water. But trave through the air was quite a different thing, since men knew of nothing that coud at the same time foat in the air and carry a man's weight. For centuries, therefore, fying remained ony a dream. In Ancient Greece, there is the story of two men who escaped from an isand by sticking wings made of feathers on to themseves with wax. (Unfortunatey, we are tod, one of them few too near the sun, and the wax meted, so that he fel to his death in the sea.) Then we have the pans of eonardo da Vinci, the artist and engineer, as a further exampe of man's interest in fying. But it was not unti rather recent times that the great dream became a fact.
First, man made use of the fact that hot air rises to make a ight baoon carry peope up a short distance above the ground. Then gases ighter than air were used in pace of hot air, and in the 1870—71 war between France and Prussia a baoon was used by a Frenchman to fy out of Paris when the .Prussians were a round it.
But baoons had the disadvantage of having to go wherever the wind bew them, so that one never knew where they woud come down. It was not unti the petro engine was invented that this difficuty coud be overcome. During the 1914—1918 war, eary airpanes, made of wood and canvas and armed with an ordinary machinegun each, were used by both sides. Great progress was made in knowedge about fying as a resut of the needs of the war, so that the years between 1918 and the beginning of the Second Word War in 1939 saw an extraordinary deveopment of airpanes, which increased greaty in. Size, strength, speed, and safety.
For thousands of years man dreamt about fying, and then suddeny, in the short space of fifty years, airpanes were invented and deveoped into one of : the most important means of transport.
Pan:
1. The odest means of transport in the word.
2. The dream that asted for centuries.
3. The reason why it was easy to trave by sea and impossibe to trave by air.
4. The famous Greek myth about peope fying up in the air.
5. The first pans of fying machines.
6. The invention of a baoon.
7. The appearance of airpanes and their quick deveopment between the wars.
8. The disadvantages of baoons.
9. The roe of airpanes in our time.
Part 2. Rationae and Directions:
Listen to the same text again. Then read the version of a compex pan given in your handout. It offers a hierarchy of detais. But this hierarchy may not refect how detais are reated to one another. Introduce the necessary changes. Write down the edited version of the pan.
Pan:
I. The pre-fying era:
1) The eariest means of transport;
2) The first project of an airpane;
3) The od egend about peope's attempts to fy.
II. The disadvantage of baoons:
1) The usage of hot air in baoons;
2) The usage of gases ighter than air;
3) The usage of baoons for fying.
III. The invention of the petro engine:
1) The appearance of wood-made airpanes;
2) The growth of the size and speed of airpanes;
3) The appearance and quick deveopment of airpanes.
IV. The importance of airpanes nowadays.
Subtype III
Part 1. Rationae and Directions:
Doing the previous abwork you earned how to edit pans of texts. Now your task is to make your own pan using the given items.
Study the items.L isten to the text and enumerate tjiem in the right sequence.
The Underground in ondon Items of the Pan:
♦ The importance of fast means of transport.
♦ Escaators as a convenience.
♦ The first kind of trains used under the ground.
♦ The advantage of eectric trains.
♦ Finding one's way in the Underground.
♦ The disadvantage of using steam trains in the Underground.
♦ The advantage of pacing trains under the ground.
Tapescript
In a very big city, in which miions of peope ive and work, fast means of transport are of greatest importance. In ondon, where most peope ive ong distances from their work, a offices, factories and schoos woud have to cose if the buses, the trains and the Underground stopped work.
Sixty years ago the ondon Underground had steam trains which were not very different from other Engish trains, except that they went aong in big hoes under the ground in order to keep away from the crowded city above their heads. They coud get from one pace to another faster under the ground than above it, because there were no buses, trams, and peope on foot to get in their way the whoe time.
But steam trains used cola, which fied the underground stations with a ot of smoke. As a resut the old steam engines were taken away, and eectric ones were put in their pace. Now the ondon underground is very cean, and the eectric trains run faster. As the traffic on the roads above has aso become greater and greater, one saves more and more time every year by going by Underground instead of by bus. Taxis are usuay faster, but they are very much more expensive.
At every Underground station there are maps of all the Underground lines in ondon, so that it is easy to see how to get to the pace one wants to go. Each station has its name written up ceary and in arge etters severa times so that one can see when one comes to where one must get out. At some stations one can change to a different underground ine, and in some paces, such as Piccadiy, there are actuay three lines crossing each other. So that there shoud not be accidents, the trains on the different lines are not on the same eve. To change trains, one has to go up or down some stairs to a new eve. It woud make peope tired to wak up these stairs, so the stairs are made to move themseves, and that the passengers have to do is to stand and be carried up or down to where they wish. In fact, everything is done to make the Underground fast, convenient and comfortabe.
Part 2. Directions:
Now you are to make a muti-eve pan of the same text, with items paced in a certain hierarchy. The items will be offered to you, but you are to determine which of them refect the main issues and can be used as headings, and which ones specify these objects and shoud be used as subheadings.
Listen to the same text again and decide into how many parts it can be subdivided and what the key issue of each part is. Then read the items given in the handout and make a two-eve pan of the text. Mind that not every heading shoud be subdivided into subheadings.
Items of the Two-eve Pan:
♦ The advantage of removing trains from above the ground in cities.
♦ The importance of the Underground in a modern big city.
♦ The ayout of modern Underground stations.
♦ The disadvantage of steam trains.
♦ The substitution of steam trains by eectric ones.
♦ The usage of escaators.
♦ The gradua deveopment of the Underground trains.
♦ The usage of maps and other devices heping peope to find their way.
♦ The arrangement of ines crossing each other.
Note for the teacher:
This task can be assigned as homework to be discussed at the next esson. If the pan is not meant for discussion in class, the key shoud be accompanied by expanations of the foowing kind:
"Listen to the text again. Pauses will be provided after each of the three main parts. Make sure that the heading matches the information given. Then isten to each of the three parts again. Verify the order of the subheadings — see if they refect the content of the text correcty."
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